The cost of the underground wiring is extremely variable, ranging from an average of $200 to $2,500 to put a perimeter around one acre of land. For most homeowners, the average cost is $1,150. Most systems allow you to install the underground fence in whatever boundary shape works for your yard and gives your …Mar 11, 2022 ... Want to know the difference between HALO Collar, SPOT ON, WAGZ, and FI; and what the features, cost, GPS boundaries, connectivity, ...The invisible dog fence itself generally costs $100 to $400, but with professional installation it can cost between $100 to $2000. Factors that will affect the costs of an invisible …Portable. Halo can safely contain your dog anywhere you take them, because you can easily set up a Halo GPS wireless dog collar fence anywhere you go. Wherever you want to let your dog run, you can set up a Halo Fence – your back yard, camping, traveling – and even in public places. It’s the portable trusted fence you … A hidden fence is an underground dog fence system that uses an electronic signal to keep your dog within a designated area, such as a yard, and away from potential dangers. Watch the video to see how it works! DogWatch has been making Hidden Dog Fence systems since 1990. Our fences are sold and installed by our network of over 200 independent ... Jul 7, 2019 ... An underground or hidden electric fence that keeps animals inside an area by sending signals to the animal's collar can cost $100-$350 for a do- ...Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! Angela Merkel meets with China’s leaders. The German chancellor aims to push Beijing on trade, cyber security, and human...Most Affordable Invisible Fence for Dogs: PetSafe Basic In-Ground Pet Fence. This underground wire fence is priced at under $160.00, making it the most affordable option on this list by a wide margin. Best Invisible Dog Fence for Rural Settings: Extreme Dog Fence Underground Electric Dog Fence.Price 1 - 24500 грн. Manufacturer. Аримком-Украина. Products. Product Compare (0) Show: Sort By: Masonry mesh 100x100mm 4.00mm/4.00mm 1.00m/2.00m. Options. …At an average battery cost of just over $12/ year, a Hidden Fence from DogWatch is economical, easy to own, and almost maintenance-free. Their Average 10 Year Cost of Operation We’re pretty sure you can find a better way to spend the almost $900 dollars you typically save by owning an underground dog fence from DogWatch.Aug 21, 2015 ... Getting an Invisible Fence installed by professionals is simply too expensive. This short video shows you how to install it yourself.Simply the best, no getting around it. ™. DogWatch® Hidden Fences keep your pets safe and are safe for your pets. Our systems are less expensive and more reliable than traditional fences and have safety and convenience features not found in typical dog fences. Explore our products and see why DogWatch is simply a better …How much an electric fence should cost. Average costs and comments from CostHelper's team of professional journalists and community of users. ... An underground or hidden electric fence that keeps animals inside an area by sending signals to the animal's collar can cost $100-$350 for a do-it-yourself kit, or $850-$1,500 with professional ...Jan 9, 2019 ... ... invisible electric fence, a plug and play fence that sets up quickly and is easy to use! Setting up the fence is basically as simple as ...Updated February 19, 2024. T he cost to install an invisible fence is $1,320 on average, but can range between $1,008 and $1,635. Electric fences keep animals in the yard, whether it's a dog or a herd of livestock. …Compare the top five invisible fences for dogs based on coverage area, pet weight, correction levels, and warranty. Learn how to install, train, and maintain these systems and find answers to common …Are you in the market for a new fence for your property? Look no further than Premier 1. With a variety of fencing options to choose from, there is sure to be a Premier 1 fence tha...Pittsburgh Pet Fence installs and repair Dog fences, Electric fences and Underground fencing. We also repair Invisible Fence® brand. Call 412-206-9210The national average cost of a professionally installed dog fence is about $1,200. Typical prices can range from $957 to $1,444. To figure out the price your own project would be closest to, you can take the average rate of $2.25 per linear foot and multiply it by the size of the boundary you need in linear feet.Nov 17, 2023 · The rate for installation ranges from $0.35 to $1.25 per linear foot of wire installed underground, the cost varying based on the shape of the perimeter and the types of obstacles encountered. Here are examples of installed invisible fence cost using professional-quality equipment: $475 – $875 | System with 500 feet of wire (about .36 acres) PetSafe Basic In-Ground Pet Fence – Two Dog System - from the Parent Company of INVISIBLE FENCE Brand - Underground Electric Pet Fence System with 2 Waterproof and Battery-Operated Training Collars. 4.2 out of 5 stars. 6,942. 500+ bought in past month. $214.95 $ 214. 95. FREE delivery Wed, Mar 20 .Our most popular outdoor hidden dog fence, the ProFence sets the standard for safety and reliability. It features our exclusive SafeLink® FM technology, and has the longest collar battery life of any electronic pet fence on the market! With 20 customizable settings, the ProFence works for every dog and yard. Safety Features. Invisible pet fence costs range between $957 and $1,444 with the average price of $1,200 including professional installation. A+ Underground Pet Fencing, Inc. Illinois Dog Fence Dealer & Store. Our Company Installs, Trains & Services PetSafe® and SportDOG® Brands Best Digital Pet Fence Containment Systems. Serving: DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, Cook & Will counties in Illinois for 31 Years. Proven Products & Services, Best Prices!Electric dog fences are a fraction of the cost compared to physical fences, which average $10 - $30 per foot depending on materials. On average, it costs 45% - 80% less to fence in a quarter acre with Invisible Fence than with a traditional fence. Materials such as traditional wood, vinyl and chain link are expensive, especially when you start ...Aug 21, 2015 ... Getting an Invisible Fence installed by professionals is simply too expensive. This short video shows you how to install it yourself.A hidden fence is an underground pet fencing system that uses a radio signal to keep your dog in a designated containment area, such as a yard; or out of an area, such as a swimming pool, patio, or garden. Hidden fences can also be used to create Indoor Boundaries that work inside your home to keep your pet off a couch, out of a room or …Fence installation can be a costly endeavor. Knowing how much your fence will cost before you start the project can help you budget accordingly and make sure you’re getting the bes...This guide is no different, and provides a full overview and breakdown of the invisible fence cost. Wireless Invisible Fence Cost for a 164 Linear Foot Project. Low Cost. $164 – $492. Medium Cost. $656 – $984. High Cost. $984 – $1312. Average Cost.Dec 29, 2023 · This guide includes some of the best invisible dog fences as well as some of the finer points of invisible dog fencing. BEST OVERALL: PetSafe Stubborn Dog In-Ground Fence. RUNNER-UP: Extreme Dog ... The terms “invisible”, “invisible fence” and “invisible fencing” are registered and considered trademarks by the Invisible Fence Brand (Invisible Fence, Inc., USA). Electronic pet fences with a buried wire are often referred to as “invisible fences”, but Dog Guard® should not be confused with the Invisible Fence Brand.May 26, 2023 · Learn how much it costs to install a fence in 2023, from vinyl to chain link to wood. Find out the factors that affect the price, such as size, height, style, and location. This guide is no different, and provides a full overview and breakdown of the invisible fence cost. Wireless Invisible Fence Cost for a 164 Linear Foot Project. Low Cost. $164 – $492. Medium Cost. $656 – $984. High Cost. $984 – $1312. Average Cost.An invisible fence that's easy to set up, suitable for large dogs and can expand for multi-dog homes. Very reliable with five levels of correction. Initial kit features 1/3-acre coverage for one dog, but can expand to work across one acre with many dogs. Works with pets of any size and age. Easy to set up.Dec 21, 2021 ... I can't help you with the underground fence as I've never used one. ... I bit the bullet on cost and got a wireless gps system, Invisible Fence ...When you first hear about the Underground Railroad, it’s easy to imagine stations and subways in a system of tunnels below a city. When learning about the Underground Railroad, a l...Generally, the cost of an invisible fence can range anywhere from $1,000 to $3,000 or more. The size of the area you need to fence in will have the biggest impact on the total cost of the invisible …Eastern North Carolina's Premier Underground Dog Fencing Company. Dog Guard® Out of Sight Fencing Keeps Any Pet Safely Contained! ... Compare us to Invisible Fence® and See The Dog Guard® Difference. Keeping Pets Safely Contained in Eastern NC Since 1996. Check Our Google Reviews! (919) 910-0370 Get a Free Quote Home. How It Works.A hidden fence is an underground pet fencing system that uses a radio signal to keep your dog in a designated containment area, such as a yard; or out of an area, such as a swimming pool, patio, or garden. Hidden fences can also be used to create Indoor Boundaries that work inside your home to keep your pet off a couch, out of a room or …Feb 28, 2024 · Learn how much it costs to install an electric fence for your yard, based on factors such as fence type, length, power supply and location. Compare the average costs per linear foot, per acre and by material for above-ground and underground fences. Professional Electric Dog Fence Company. Palmetto DogWatch® proudly sells, installs and services DogWatch® Hidden Fence systems in the Midlands and the Greater Greenville Spartanburg area of South Carolina. Jamie and Kelly Young started Palmetto DogWatch® in 2008. After two successful years building the Midlands area, they expanded into the ...A physical fence can range anywhere from $1,000 to over $10,000 depending on material and length. An in-ground wire fence or an electric dog fence can range from $900 to $2,200 (averaging around $2 per linear foot), and other GPS dog fences like SpotOn cost $1,295, making the Halo Collar a very affordable dog fence …Find out how much it costs to fence a yard with different materials, such as wire, wood, vinyl, and metal. Use the fence cost estimator to get an average price per …The cost of an underground electric dog fence depends on various factors such as the size of the property, type and quality of the system, number of dogs, and …An Invisible Dog Fence Alternative. Hidden Fence of Minnesota Offers Quality, Humane, Electric Pet Containment Since1992 Call (952) 492-6660. Open main menu (952) 492-6660. Get a Quote. ... Hidden Fence of Minnesota specifically offers Invisible Fence® Brand compatible batteries at a fraction of the cost, and we also offer significant trade in ...When it comes to protecting your property, choosing the right fencing material is an important decision. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know which one is be...Depending on where you live, a 1 acre in-ground fence can cost upwards of $2,000 - so understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each option is essential. Invisible Dog Fence Pros: • Wire stays in place under the ground • A customized fence of any shape can be laid • The technology is decades old and has been used by …2. 3. 4. Lifetime containment for any dog you put in our fence, with 100% transferable guarantees. Lifetime warranties and money back guarantee on all products, containment, installations, and components that we install. (Check out Pet Stop’s Ultra Care™ Warranty), including your boundary wire which is a minimum of 14 …Aug 6, 2023 · Explore the Comprehensive Guide on the Invisible Fence Cost, Factors Affecting the Price, Installation Process, and Benefits. Jun 18, 2023 ... ... cost to our viewers. Learn more here: https ... GPS Dog Fence - Wireless Dog Fence - In-Ground Dog Fence ... Best Invisible Dog Fence (Don't Choose .....Additionally, for larger properties, underground fencing offers a cost-effective solution compared to the substantial expense of erecting physical barriers over extensive areas. ... What maintenance does an underground fence require? Regular checks are recommended to ensure the system is functioning properly, …The average cost of installing a chain link dog fence comes to about $9 per foot for a 6′ high fence while an 8’to 12’chain link dog fence will cost you an average cost of about $15 to $45 per foot. Summary of different costs for different dog fence: Type of dog fence. Average cost. Invincible fence.Show more. When it comes to pricing, the average cost of privacy fence installation is $3,300, ranging from $1,600 on the lower end all the way up to $7,000 on the higher end. Fences are a great ...Basic underground fences can cost as little as $200, while more elaborate ones can cost upwards of $2000. The cost of installation can also add to the overall …Find out how much it costs to fence a yard with different materials, such as wire, wood, vinyl, and metal. Use the fence cost estimator to get an average price per …When it comes to pricing, the average cost of privacy fence installation is $3,300, ranging from $1,600 on the lower end all the way up to $7,000 on the higher …Aug 29, 2023 · The average cost of an invisible fence ranges between $1.75 and $3 per linear foot. Many dog owners protect their pets by installing fences around their yards. However, sometimes a physical fence isn’t an option, such as for renters or people who live in a townhome, apartment, or condo. In this case, some pet owners turn to alternative ... . Professional Electric Dog Fence Company. Palmetto DogWatch® proudly sells, installs and services DogWatch® Hidden Fence systems in the Midlands and the Greater Greenville Spartanburg area of South Carolina. Jamie and Kelly Young started Palmetto DogWatch® in 2008. After two successful years building the Midlands area, they expanded into the ... The Bottom Line: This Yardmax rechargeable receiver collar, that comes as standard with this underground dog fence, can be best described as small but mighty. The YardMax collar is one of the lighter, smaller collars on the market, weighing just at 3 oz. Yet despite its diminutive size, it is packed with …Mar 3, 2024 · The price of installing your new fence depends on a number of factors, including fence type, material, length, terrain, local regulations and labor costs. During an in-home consultation, your local Home Depot service professional will help determine your needs, review style options and provide a project estimate. Shop Chewy for low prices and the best Dog Underground Fences! We carry a large selection and the top brands like Extreme Dog Fence, PetSafe, and more. Find everything you need in one place. FREE shipping on orders $49+ and the BEST customer service!Are you considering installing a fence but worried about the cost? Fence installation can be a significant investment, but there are several ways you can save money without comprom...When you first hear about the Underground Railroad, it’s easy to imagine stations and subways in a system of tunnels below a city. When learning about the Underground Railroad, a l...How to calculate the cost of a mesh fence? To quickly navigate the cost, it is enough to go to this welded mesh product, which is the most popular and select the required number …Jan 9, 2019 ... ... invisible electric fence, a plug and play fence that sets up quickly and is easy to use! Setting up the fence is basically as simple as ...Dog fencing costs around $4,000 on average, but you could pay between $1,500 and $8,000, depending on the type of fence and the size of your property. Generally, a chain link fence will be the most affordable option in terms of a physical fence, followed by a wood privacy fence, then vinyl and composite fences, and, finally, aluminum fencing.A+ Underground Pet Fencing, Inc. Illinois Dog Fence Dealer & Store. Our Company Installs, Trains & Services PetSafe® and SportDOG® Brands Best Digital Pet Fence Containment Systems. Serving: DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, Cook & Will counties in Illinois for 31 Years. Proven Products & Services, Best Prices!Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks100 linear feet: $2,300. 150 linear feet: $3,600. 300 linear feet: $6,900. This all comes out to an average cost per linear foot for fence installation of between $6 and $50, depending on the material, with an average per-linear-foot cost of $23. The table below includes some average pricing for a fence based on your land’s … A hidden fence is an underground dog fence system that uses an electronic signal to keep your dog within a designated area, such as a yard, and away from potential dangers. Watch the video to see how it works! DogWatch has been making Hidden Dog Fence systems since 1990. Our fences are sold and installed by our network of over 200 independent ... The typical cost to install an invisible dog fence is between $950 and $1500. There are many factors that contribute to the cost of your electric underground fence such as: the quality of the wiring. the cost of the collar. How deep does an invisible fence need to …A hidden fence is an underground pet fencing system that uses a radio signal to keep your dog in a designated containment area, such as a yard; or out of an area, such as a swimming pool, patio, or garden. Hidden fences can also be used to create Indoor Boundaries that work inside your home to keep your pet off a couch, out of a room or …Find SportDOG Brand Rechargeable In-Ground Fence Systems – from the Parent Company of INVISIBLE FENCE Brand - Underground Wire Electric Fence - Tone, Vibration, ... Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total (including tax) shown at checkout. Add to Cart. Buy Now . Enhancements you chose aren't available for this seller. A vinyl fence cost takes into consideration labor and materials, the fence length (linear feet), height, color, design and gates, if applicable. The national average is about $3950, with prices ranging from $2200 to $5700. Fencing Materials It is also a cost-effective solution compared to installing a physical fence. Additionally, an underground dog fence allows for flexibility and can be easily adjusted to accommodate changes in the layout of your yard. The electronic collar worn by the dog is an essential component of the hidden fence system.Locating underground pipes may be necessary for a myriad of reasons including if your land is swampy or if you notice your basement is beginning to flood. Under some circumstances,...PetSafe Basic In-Ground Pet Fence – Two Dog System - from the Parent Company of INVISIBLE FENCE Brand - Underground Electric Pet Fence System with 2 Waterproof and Battery-Operated Training Collars. 4.2 out of 5 stars. 6,942. 500+ bought in past month. $214.95 $ 214. 95. FREE delivery Wed, Mar 20 .Expert information for residential fence cost and prices, installation costs, maintenance and style choices for all the main fence types & styles. Skip to content. Fence Guides. Fence Prices, Buying Guides ... Invisible Fence: $570 – $949: $4 – $6: Post & Rail Fence: $1350 – $3150: $6 – $16: Pool Fence: $1480 – $2450: $12 … A hidden fence is an underground dog fence system that uses an electronic signal to keep your dog within a designated area, such as a yard, and away from potential dangers. Watch the video to see how it works! DogWatch has been making Hidden Dog Fence systems since 1990. Our fences are sold and installed by our network of over 200 independent ... Fences appear decorative or utilitarian depending on the materials used to construct the fences. Fencing materials vary in their costs, looks, durability, maintenance needs and sec...Frequently Asked Questions on the Cost of an Underground Electric Dog Fence. There’s no denying that electric underground dog fences are an excellent investment for pet owners. They offer a safe and effective way to keep your furry friend within the designated area of your property without having to install …Rhizomes are a type of underground stem that plants use to store food material. Rhizomes have nodes and scaly leaves, and they are found on plants such as ginger and turmeric. Anot...Professional underground dog fence installation tends to cost anywhere in the ballpark of $950 to $1,500 or so. Several key components influence installation prices. Collar expense and wiring caliber are just two examples of components that …Mar 5, 2024 · Wiez GPS Wireless Dog Fence. $130. Buy From Amazon. Coverage area: 776 acres | Collar size: 10 to 22 inches. The Wiez GPS wireless dog fence has an impressive 5 out of 5 stars on Amazon, where ... A hidden fence is an underground pet fencing system that uses a radio signal to keep your dog in a designated containment area, such as a yard; or out of an area, such as a swimming pool, patio, or garden. Hidden fences can also be used to create Indoor Boundaries that work inside your home to keep your pet off a couch, out of a room or …List prices may not necessarily reflect the product's prevailing market price. Learn more. FREE Returns . ... INVISIBLE FENCE COMPATIBLE - This Collar Will Work with Invisible Fence Brand Inground Fences Prior to the 800 Series, Including ICT-700, ICT-725, ICT-750, ICT-775, ICT-150, ICT-250, ICT-100, ICT-75, ICT-50, AT-950 Indoor …Show more. When it comes to pricing, the average cost of privacy fence installation is $3,300, ranging from $1,600 on the lower end all the way up to $7,000 on the higher end. Fences are a great ...May 27, 2023 · This subterranean dog fence is the Rolls-Royce of underground dog fences. The SportDOG In-Ground fence is unquestionably the superior option. It comes equipped with 1.3 acres of coverage that may be expanded up to 100 acres! However, the vast covering is not the only benefit of this fence. Updated February 6, 2024. Y our furry companions are family. So, of course, protecting your pup from the dangers of roaming or running away is a good idea. The cost to install a dog fence ranges from $1,000 and $8,000 with $4,700 as the average. Exactly how much you will pay depends on the type of fence you choose, the size of your yard, and ... Professional Electric Dog Fence Company. Palmetto DogWatch® proudly sells, installs and services DogWatch® Hidden Fence systems in the Midlands and the Greater Greenville Spartanburg area of South Carolina. Jamie and Kelly Young started Palmetto DogWatch® in 2008. After two successful years building the Midlands area, they expanded into the ... Invisible pet fence costs range between $957 and $1,444 with the average price of $1,200 including professional installation. We have an Invisible Fence, we bought it used with two collars on FB marketplace for around $100. I bought the wire off of Amazon, an edger from ...Welcome to The Dog Fence Guy!®️ - your trusted source for cutting-edge underground electric dog fences and dog containment solutions in York, Lancaster, Lebanon, Chester, Dauphin, Berks County, and the Susquehanna Valley. Our team of experts is committed to providing you with reliable, cutting-edge dog fencing products, including underground …Keep reading to get our take on the best invisible dog fences. Best Overall: PetSafe Stubborn Dog In-Ground Pet Fence. Best with GPS: Halo Collar 3. Best Wireless: Pet Stop EcoLite Plus with Link ...It is also a cost-effective solution compared to installing a physical fence. Additionally, an underground dog fence allows for flexibility and can be easily adjusted to accommodate changes in the layout of your yard. The electronic collar worn by the dog is an essential component of the hidden fence system.If you’re in the market for a new fence, aluminum fencing may be just the solution you need. Not only is it durable and long-lasting, but it’s also low-maintenance and can add valu...How Much Does Invisible Fence® Brand Cost. Curious about the price of Invisible Fence® Brand? Explore our straightforward cost details and find a professional pet containment …Aug 6, 2023 · Explore the Comprehensive Guide on the Invisible Fence Cost, Factors Affecting the Price, Installation Process, and Benefits. When you first hear about the Underground Railroad, it’s easy to imagine stations and subways in a system of tunnels below a city. When learning about the Underground Railroad, a l...Indices Commodities Currencies StocksApr 5, 2023 · Learn how much an invisible fence costs to install, from $1,000 to $3,400, depending on size, materials, and labor. Compare wired, wireless, and GPS options, and get tips on safety, training, and landscaping. Mar 11, 2022 · Using graph paper, plot your yard and draw in the area you want to cover. In most cases, corners must be rounded because right angles confuse the transmitter. The wire forming the fence boundary must make a continuous loop back to the transmitter. Your transmitter must be located indoors in a dry, protected area. If you’re in the market for a unique and unconventional property, you may have stumbled upon the idea of buying an underground property. These types of homes are becoming increasin...In A Rush? Here Are the Best Invisible Fences for Dogs Quick Picks: PetSafe Basic Electric Dog Fence: It’s an affordable option that doesn’t skimp on features and has everything you need. SportDOG …Pet containment system for stubborn or hard to train dogs - 4 adjustable levels of static correction; highest intensity available. Adjustable waterproof collar - ultralight receiver fits pets 8 lb. or more with neck sizes 6 to 28 in. Safe and customizable - gives your pets room to play with up to 1/3 of an acre coverage, expandable up to 25 ...The total cost of an invisible underground electric fence is anywhere from $700 to $2,500, including both materials and labor. This is a much more subtle style of electric fence, and it functions to set a property boundary for your household pets. The boundary is drawn, and the electric wiring is buried along the line.PetSafe Stubborn Dog Stay & Play Wireless Pet Fence Receiver Collar, Waterproof and Rechargeable, Tone and Static Correction, PIF00-13672, from the Parent Company of the INVISIBLE FENCE Brand 4.3 out of 5 stars 5,996 A hidden fence is an underground dog fence system that uses an electronic signal to keep your dog within a designated area, such as a yard, and away from potential dangers. Watch the video to see how it works! DogWatch has been making Hidden Dog Fence systems since 1990. Our fences are sold and installed by our network of over 200 independent ... 2. 3. 4. Lifetime containment for any dog you put in our fence, with 100% transferable guarantees. Lifetime warranties and money back guarantee on all products, containment, installations, and components that we install. (Check out Pet Stop’s Ultra Care™ Warranty), including your boundary wire which is a minimum of 14 …In A Rush? Here Are the Best Invisible Fences for Dogs Quick Picks: PetSafe Basic Electric Dog Fence: It’s an affordable option that doesn’t skimp on features and has everything you need. SportDOG …This item: PetSafe Basic In-Ground Pet Fence – from the Parent Company of INVISIBLE FENCE Brand - Underground Electric Pet Fence System with Waterproof and Battery-Operated Training Collar $159.95 $ 159 . 95Aug 26, 2020 · The average cost of an invisible electric dog fence is between $200 and $2,500.The price is determined by the size of your yard, type of terrain, the number of dogs, and if a professional is needed to train your pet. How to Install an Invisible Fence. Installing a new invisible fence involves the following steps: Measure the fence location. Purchase a fence system. Install the transmitter box and bury the boundary wire. Connect the boundary wire to the transmitter box. Place the collar on your pet.Feb 6, 2024 · If you installed an invisible or electric fence, your dog may need dog training. Some invisible fence installers will offer training as an added service. The average cost of dog training is $50 per hour. Cost by Fence Type. The average cost to install a fence is around {{nationalAvgCost}, or $15 and $45 per linear foot. Invisible Fence Brand of West Virginia. Serving Most of West Virginia. (877) 977-3647 Send us a message.Invisible Fence of Minnesota. Serving Greater Minneapolis, St. Paul. (952) 941-5100. Call us anytime. 8:00 AM - 7:00 PM M-F EST. Send us a message. 9923 Valley View Road. Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344. Directions. ---1